Amabhungane antywilayo, amalungu omndeni wakwaDytiscidae, ayizinambuzane zasemanzini ezihehayo ezaziwa ngokudla kanye nemvelo yazo edla inyama.Laba bazingeli abazalwa bemvelo banokuvumelana okuhlukile okubenza baphumelele kakhulu ekubambeni nasekudleni inyamazane yabo ngisho noma inkulu kunabo.
Kungakho ukuba khona kwabo emanzini, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlala izinhlanzi ezincane nezimfanzi, kungaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu futhi kuzoholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu.
Kulesi sihloko, ngizocubungula izici zomzimba, izintandokazi zokudla, umjikelezo wempilo, kanye nezidingo zendawo yokuhlala zamabhungane e-Diving kanye nezibungu zawo.Ngizophinde ngigqamise ubungozi obungase bube khona kanye nokucatshangelwa okuhlotshaniswa nokugcina amabhungane e-diving emanzini asolwandle, ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho angase abeke engcupheni inhlalakahle yezinhlanzi ezincane nezimfanzi.
I-Etymology ye-Dytisidae
Igama lomndeni elithi “Dytiscidae” lisuselwa egameni lesiGreki elithi “dytikos,” elisho “ukukwazi ukubhukuda” noma “okuphathelene nokutshuza.Leli gama liyibonisa kahle imvelo yasemanzini namandla okubhukuda amabhungane akulo mndeni.
Igama elithi "Dytiscidae" laqanjwa isazi sezinambuzane saseFrance uPierre André Latreille ngo-1802 lapho esungula ukuhlukaniswa komndeni.I-Latreille idume ngeqhaza lakhe elibalulekile emkhakheni we-entomology kanye nokusungulwa kwe-taxonomy yesimanje yezinambuzane.
Mayelana negama labo elivamile elithi “Diving beetle”, leli gama balithola ngenxa yekhono labo eliyingqayizivele lokutshuza nokubhukuda emanzini.
Umlando Wokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Wezibhungane Zokuntywila
Amabhungane e-Diving avela ngesikhathi se-Mesozoic (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-252.2 edlule).
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ziye zahlukahluka, okuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zomzimba, ubukhulu, nokuthandwa kwemvelo.
Le nqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ivumele izibhungane ze-Diving ukuthi zihlale ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zasemanzini ahlanzekile emhlabeni wonke futhi zibe izilwane ezidla ezinye zasemanzini eziphumelelayo.
I-Taxonomy ye-Diving Beetles
Inani eliqondile lezinhlobo zezilwane lingaphansi kocwaningo oluqhubekayo ngoba izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane zitholakala njalo futhi zibikwa.
Njengamanje, bekunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-4,200 ze-Diving beetle emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukusatshalaliswa kanye Nendawo yokuhlala yamabhungane atshuzayo
Amabhungane e-Diving asakazwa kabanzi.Ngokuyisisekelo, la mabhungane angatholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica.
Izibhungane zamanzi ngokuvamile zihlala emanzini amile (njengamachibi, amaxhaphozi, amachibi, noma imifula ehamba kancane), zithanda ezijulile ezinohlaza oluningi nezilwane ezicebile ezingawanikeza ukudla okwanele.
Incazelo ye-Diving Beetles
Isakhiwo somzimba wamabhungane e-Diving sivumelana kahle nendlela yawo yokuphila yasemanzini kanye nokuziphatha okudliwayo.
Ukuma Komzimba: Amabhungane antywilayo anomzimba omude, oyisicaba, futhi one-hydrodynamic, okubavumela ukuthi bahambe kahle emanzini.
Ubukhulu: Ubukhulu bamabhungane e-diving bungahluka kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni.Ezinye izinhlobo ezinkulu zingafinyelela ku-1.5 amayintshi (4 cm) ubude.
Umbala: Amabhungane e-Diving ngokuvamile anemizimba emnyama noma emnyama ukuya eluhlaza obumnyama noma imizimba yethusi.Umbala ubasiza ukuthi bahlangane endaweni yabo yasemanzini.
Inhloko: Ikhanda lebhungane lokuntywila likhulu futhi likhule kahle.Amehlo avamise ukugqama futhi anikeze umbono omuhle kakhulu ngenhla nangaphansi kwamanzi.Futhi zinezimpondo ezinde, ezacile, ngokuvamile ezihlukene, ezizisebenzisela izinzwa (ukubona ukudlidliza emanzini).
Amaphiko: Amabhungane atshuzayo anamapheya amabili amaphiko.Lapho amabhungane ebhukuda, amaphiko ahlala agoqene emizimbeni yawo.Ziyakwazi ukundiza futhi zisebenzise amaphiko azo ukuze zihlakazeke futhi zithole izindawo zokuhlala ezintsha.
Amaphiko angaphambili aguqulwa abe izembozo eziqinile, eziyisivikelo ezibizwa ngokuthi i-elytra, ezisiza ukuvikela amaphiko angemuva nomzimba lapho ibhungane lingandizi.I-elytra ivame ukugoba noma ibe yiziqephu, okwenza leli bhungane libukeke kalula.
Imilenze: Amabhungane antywilayo anemilenze eyisi-6.Imilenze yangaphambili naphakathi isetshenziselwa ukubamba inyamazane kanye nokuqondisa endaweni yazo.Imilenze yangemuva iguqulwa ibe isicaba, izakhiwo ezinjengezigwedlo ezaziwa ngokuthi imilenze efana nesigwedlo noma imilenze yokubhukuda.Le milenze inezinwele noma ama-bristles asiza ukuhambisa ibhungane emanzini kalula.
Njengoba inemilenze ekahle efana negwedi, leli bhungane libhukuda ngesivinini kangangokuthi likwazi ukuncintisana nezinhlanzi.
Isisu: Isisu sebhungane le-diving side futhi ngokuvamile sincipha sibheke ngemuva.Iqukethe izingxenye eziningana futhi igcina izitho ezibalulekile ezifana nezinhlelo zokugaya, zokuzala, nezokuphefumula.
Izakhiwo Zokuphefumula.Amabhungane e-Diving anepheya le-spiracles, okuyizimbobo ezincane ezitholakala ngaphansi kwesisu.Ama-spiracles awavumela ukuba akhiphe umoya-mpilo emoyeni, awugcine ngaphansi kwe-elytra yawo futhi ayisebenzisele ukuphefumula lapho ecwilisiwe.
Iphrofayili Yezibhungane Ezitshuzayo- Izilo Ezisemathangini Ama-Shrimp Nasezinhlanzi - Izakhiwo Zokuphefumula Ngaphambi kokutshuza ngaphansi kwamanzi, amabhungane atshuzayo abamba ibhamuza lomoya ngaphansi kwe-elytra yawo.Leli bhamuza lomoya lisebenza njenge-hydrostatic apparatus kanye ne-oksijeni yesikhashana, elivumela ukuthi zihlale zicwile ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu eyi-10 - 15.
Ngemva kwalokho, zelula imilenze yazo yangemuva ukuze zidabule ukushuba kwamanzi emanzini, zidedele umoya ovaleleke futhi zithole ibhamuza elisha lokutshuza okulandelayo.
I-Life Cycle of Diving Beetles
Umjikelezo wempilo wamabhungane e-Diving unezigaba ezi-4 ezihlukene: iqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi kanye nesidala.
1. Isiteji samaqanda: Ngemva kokukhwelana, amabhungane ezinsikazi abekela amaqanda awo phezu noma eduze kwezimila zasemanzini, imfucumfucu engaphansi kwamanzi, noma enhlabathini eduze kosebe lwamanzi.
Ngokuya ngezinhlobo nezimo zemvelo, isikhathi sokufukamela ngokuvamile sisukela ezinsukwini ezingu-7 - 30.
2. I-Larval Stage: Uma amaqanda achanyuselwa, kuvela izibungu zebhungane ezitshuzayo.Izibungu zisemanzini futhi ziyathuthuka emanzini.
Iphrofayili Yezibhungane Ezitshuzayo- Izilo Ezitholakala KumaShrimp Namathangi Ezinhlanzi - Izibungu Zokutshuza Izibungu Izibungu zebhungane eziDiving zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “amahlosi Amanzi” ngenxa yokubukeka kwawo okunonya kanye nemvelo edla ezinye.
Banemizimba emide ehlukene kakhudlwana.Ikhanda eliyisicaba linamehlo amancane ayisithupha ohlangothini ngalunye kanye nemihlathi emikhulu ngendlela engakholeki ohlangothini ngalunye.Njengebhungane elidala, isibungu siphefumula umoya osemkhathini ngokunweba ingxenye engemuva yomzimba waso iphume emanzini.
Uhlamvu lwesibungu luhambisana kahle nokubukeka kwaso: okuwukuphela kwesifiso saso empilweni ukubamba nokushwabadela inyamazane eningi ngangokunokwenzeka.
Izibungu zizingela futhi zidla izinto eziphilayo ezincane zasemanzini, zikhula futhi zincibilike izikhathi eziningana njengoba zihamba ngezigaba ezihlukahlukene.Isigaba sezibungu singahlala amasonto ambalwa kuya ezinyangeni ezimbalwa, kuye ngezinhlobo kanye nezimo zemvelo.
3. Isiteji soPupa: Lapho isibungu sesikhulile, siphumela emhlabathini, sizimbele, bese siphupa.
Phakathi nalesi sigaba, izibungu zishintsha zibe uhlobo lwazo lwabantu abadala ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuzivikela ebizwa ngokuthi i-pupal chamber.
Isigaba se-pupal ngokuvamile sithatha izinsuku ezimbalwa kuya emavikini ambalwa.
4. Isiteji Sabantu Abadala: Lapho ukuguqulwa sekuqediwe, ibhungane elidala le-diving liyaphuma ekamelweni le-pupal futhi likhuphukele phezu kwamanzi.
Kulesi sigaba, banamaphiko aphelele futhi bayakwazi ukundiza.Amabhungane e-diving amadala asevuthiwe ngokocansi futhi alungele ukuzala.
Amabhungane e-Diving awabhekwa njengezinambuzane zomphakathi.Ababonisi ukuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi komphakathi okubonwa kwamanye amaqembu ezinambuzane, njengezintuthwane noma izinyosi.Kunalokho, amabhungane e-diving ngokuyinhloko ayizidalwa ezihlala zodwa, ezigxile ekusindeni nasekuzaleni kwazo.
Ukuphila kwamabhungane okuntywila kungahluka kuye ngohlobo nezimo zemvelo futhi ngokuvamile kusuka ku-1 - 4 iminyaka.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwezibhungane Zokuntywila
Iphrofayili Yezibhungane Ezitshuzayo- Izilo Eziku-Shrimp Namathangi EzinhlanziUkuziphatha kokukhwelana namasu okuzala kungahluka kancane phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhungane atshuzayo, kodwa inqubo evamile ihilela lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:
1. Ukuqomisana: Kumabhungane e-Diving, ukuziphatha kokuqomisana ngokuvamile akukho.
2. Ukuhlangana: Kumabhungane amaningi e-Diving, abesilisa banezakhiwo ezikhethekile zokubamba (izinkomishi zokumunca) emilenzeni yabo yangaphambili esetshenziselwa ukunamathela ngemuva kwezinsikazi ngesikhathi sokukhwelana.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngezinye izikhathi abesilisa bangase bakulangazelele ukuhlangana nezinsikazi, kangangokuthi abesifazane bangakwazi ngisho nokuminza ngenxa yokuthi abesilisa bahlala phezulu futhi bayakwazi ukuthola umoya-mpilo kuyilapho abesifazane bengawutholi.
3. Ukuvundisa.Owesilisa udlulisela isidoda kowesifazane ngesitho sokuzala esibizwa ngokuthi i-aedeagus.Insikazi igcina isidoda ukuze sikhuleliswe kamuva.
4. I-Oviposition: Ngemva kokukhwelana, ibhungane lensikazi eli-diving ngokuvamile liwanamathisela ohlazeni olungaphansi kwamanzi noma lifake amaqanda azo ezicutshini zezitshalo ezingaphansi kwamanzi ngokuwavula ngeqanda lazo.Ungabona amabala aphuzi amancane esicutshini sesitshalo.
Ngokwesilinganiso, amabhungane ezinsikazi angakwazi ukubeka amaqanda ambalwa kuya kwamakhulu ambalwa phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa.Amaqanda made futhi makhulu ngosayizi (kufika ku-0.2 amayintshi noma 7 mm).
Idlani Ibhungane Le-Diving?
Iphrofayili Yezibhungane Ezitshuzayo- Izilo Ezitholakala Ku-Shrimp Namathangi Ezinhlanzi - ukudla amaxoxo, izinhlanzi kanye nama-newtsIzibhungane ezi-Diving ziyizilwane ezidla inyama ezidla ngokuyinhloko izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ezifana nalezi:
izinambuzane ezincane,
izibungu zezinambuzane (njenge-dragonfly nymphs, noma izibungu ze-diving beetle),
izibungu,
iminenke,
tadpoles,
ama-crustaceans amancane,
izinhlanzi ezincane,
ngisho nezilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini amancane (izindaba, amaxoxo, njll.).
Zaziwa ngokubonisa ukuziphatha okuthile kokulahla, ukudla izinto eziphilayo ezibolayo noma inyama ebolile.Ngezikhathi zokushoda kokudla, bazokhombisa nokuziphatha kwabantu.Amabhungane amakhulu azodla abantu abancane.
Qaphela: Yebo, izintandokazi zokudla ezithile ze-Diving beetle ziyehluka ngokuya ngezinhlobo nosayizi wazo.Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, zingadla inani elikhulu lezilwane ezizingelayo ngokuphathelene nobukhulu bemizimba yazo.
La mabhungane aziwa ngokudla okunamandla nekhono lawo lokubamba inyamazane emanzini nangaphansi kwamanzi.Bangabazingeli abangosomathuba, abasebenzisa umbono wabo okhaliphile kanye namakhono amahle okubhukuda ukuze balandelele nokubamba inyamazane yabo.
Amabhungane e-Diving angabazingeli abakhuthele.Imvamisa bakhombisa impatho esebenzayo yokuphanga ngokufuna ngenkuthalo futhi baphishekele inyamazane yabo kunokulinda ukuthi ize kubo.
Lamabhungane ayizilwane ezinekhono futhi ezishesha kakhulu endaweni yasemanzini.
Ikhono lazo lokubhukuda ngokushesha futhi lishintshe indlela lizivumela ukuthi zijahe phansi futhi zibambe inyamazane yazo ngokunemba.
Zidlani Izibungu Ze-Diving Beetles?
Izibungu zebhungane ezitshuzayo ziyizilwane ezidla inyama.Baziwa ngokuziphatha kwabo okunolaka kakhulu futhi.
Nakuba zinokudla okubanzi futhi zingadla inyamazane ehlukahlukene, zithanda izikelemu, ama-leeches, tadpoles, nezinye izilwane ezingenawo ama-exoskeleton aqinile.
Lokhu kungenxa yesakhiwo sabo se-anatomical.Izibungu zebhungane ezintywilayo zivame ukuvala umlomo futhi zisebenzisa imigudu kumandibles azo amakhulu (anjengesikela) ukuze ajove ama-enzyme okugaya esilwaneni.Ama-enzyme akhubaza ngokushesha futhi abulale isisulu.
Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokuncelisa, isibungu asidli inyamazane yaso kodwa simunca amajusi.Imihlathi yayo emise okwesikela isebenza njengesisetshenziswa sokumunca, esinomsele ojulile onqenqemeni olungaphakathi, odlulisela ukudla okuwuketshezi emathunjini.
Ngokungafani nomzali wabo, izibungu ze-Diving beetle zingabazingeli abangenzi lutho futhi zithembele ekuthunjweni.Ziyakwazi ukubona kahle kakhulu futhi ziyazwela ukunyakaza emanzini.
Lapho i-Diving beetle isibungu ithola inyamazane, izogijima ibheke ngakuyo ukuze isibambe ngezindebe zayo ezinkulu.
Ingabe Kuphephile Ukuba Nezibhungane Zokuntywila noma Izibungu Zazo Emathangeni Ama-Shrimp noma Ezinhlanzi?
Ithangi le-shrimp.Cha, akuphephile neze ukuba namabhungane e-Diving noma izibungu zawo emathangini ezimfanzi.Isikhathi.
Kuzoba yingozi KAKHULU futhi kucindezele izimfanzi.Amabhungane e-Diving ayizilwane ezidla ezinye zemvelo futhi azobuka ama-shrimplets ngisho nezimfanzi ezindala njengezizingela ezingase zibe izisulu.
Lezi zilo zasemanzini zinemihlathi eqinile futhi zingadabula izimfanzi ngemizuzwana kalula.Ngakho-ke, AKUNCONYISIWE KAKHULU ukugcina amabhungane e-Diving nezimfanzi ndawonye ethangini elifanayo.
Ithangi lezinhlanzi.Ibhungane le-Diving kanye nezibungu zalo zingase zihlasele ngisho nezinhlanzi ezinkulu.Emvelweni, kokubili amabhungane amadala nezibungu kudlala indima ebalulekile ekunciphiseni inani lezinhlanzi ngokudla ukudla okuhlukahlukene kwezinhlanzi.
Ngakho-ke, ukuba nazo ethangini lezinhlanzi nakho kungadala umonakalo.Ngaphandle uma unezinhlanzi ezinkulu ngempela futhi ungazizali.
Angena Kanjani Amabhungane Okuntywila Kuma-Aquarium?
Amabhungane e-Diving angangena ku-aquarium ngezindlela ezi-2 eziyinhloko:
Asikho isivalo: Amabhungane antywilayo akwazi ukundiza kahle kakhulu.Ngakho-ke, uma amafasitela akho engavaliwe futhi i-aquarium yakho ingamboziwe, angavele andizele ethangini asuka endaweni ezungezile.
Izitshalo Zasemanzini: Amaqanda e-Diving beetle angangena e-aquarium yakho ezitshalweni zasemanzini.Uma ungeza izitshalo ezintsha noma okokuhlobisa ethangini lakho, zihlole kahle futhi uzihlukanisele noma yiziphi izimpawu zama-parasite.
Ungawasusa kanjani ku-Aquarium?
Ngeshwa, azikho izindlela eziningi ezisebenzayo.Amabhungane e-Diving kanye nezibungu zawo ziyizilwane eziqinile futhi zingakwazi ukubekezelela cishe noma yikuphi ukwelashwa.
Ukususwa Mathupha: Qaphela ngokucophelela i-aquarium futhi ukhiphe mabhungane ngesandla usebenzisa inethi yezinhlanzi.
Izicupho: Amabhungane atshuza njengenyama.Beka isitsha esingajulile esinomthombo wokukhanya eduze kwendawo yamanzi ubusuku bonke.Amabhungane adonseleka ekukhanyeni futhi angase aqoqene esitsheni, okwenza kube lula ukuwakhipha.
Izinhlanzi ezidla ezinye: Ukwethula izinhlanzi ezidla ezinye ezidla izinambuzane ngokwemvelo.Nokho, lezi zilo zasemanzini zivikeleke kahle nalapha.
Esimeni sengozi, amabhungane e-Diving akhulula uketshezi olumhlophe (olufana nobisi) ngaphansi kwepuleti lesifuba.Lolu ketshezi lunezinto ezonakalisa kakhulu.Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi azizitholi zinambitheka futhi ziyazigwema.
Ingabe I-Diving Beetles Noma Izibungu Zazo Zinobuthi?
Cha, awanabo ubuthi.
Amabhungane e-Diving awanawo ubudlova kubantu futhi ngokuvamile agwema ukuthintana ngaphandle uma ezizwa esongelwa.Ngakho-ke, uma uzama ukubabamba, bangase baphendule ngokuzivikela ngokuluma njengesenzo se-reflex.
Ngenxa yama-mandibles awo anamandla, alungele ukubhoboza ama-exoskeletons esilwaneni, ukuluma kwawo kubuhlungu kakhulu.Kungabangela ukuvuvukala kwendawo noma ukulunywa.
Ekuphetheni
Amabhungane e-Diving ngokuyinhloko ayizinambuzane zasemanzini, ezichitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwazo emanzini.Bajwayelana kahle nendlela yokuphila yasemanzini futhi bangababhukudi abasezingeni eliphezulu.
Amabhungane e-Diving kanye nezibungu zawo ziyizilwane ezizalwa nazo ezinonya.Ukuzingela kuwumsebenzi oyinhloko ekuphileni kwabo.
Umzwelo wazo wokudla inyama, kanye nezici zawo ezikhethekile zemvelo, ziwenza akwazi ukuphishekela futhi abambe inqwaba yezilwane ezizingelayo kuhlanganise nezimfanzi, okuthosiwe, izinhlanzi ezincane, ngisho neminenke.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-06-2023